Small-scale horticultural production at the continental limit of andean cultural development: a contribution from archaeobotany

Abstract

The vegetal macro-remains recovered at the site Los Conitos (northwestern Mendoza, Argentina) provide evidence of the consumption and management of wild and domestic plant species. Based on these data, the goal of this paper is to improve our understanding of the socio-economic process of gathering and management of plant species during the Late Holocene. The recovery method was dry screening. The chronology is based on eight radiocarbon dates that span the last three thousand years, which are evaluated in conjunction with macro-botanical remains. Of the 207 remains, Prosopis was the most ubiquitous. The excavation levels were grouped into four occupation components. In the oldest, component IV, no vegetal taxa were documented; component III includes the earliest presence of domestic plant remains, squash, and a predominance of wild plant species; component II shows a diversification of the use of plant resources; finally, component I included only wild plants. These data are explored with alternative explanations for the incorporation, replacement, or lasting presence of productive and gathering practices and that may be connected to: abiotic stresses that affect horticultural practices, demographic increase and intensification, and the arrival of migrants with a diversified subsistence base. The principal conclusion allows us to sketch a picture of the implementation of small-scale horticultural systems beginning around 1500 years ago, during which gathering continued to be important to subsistence.