Submissions

Author Guidelines

General Instructions

Both spanish or english texts are considered for publication. When submitting, authors should upload a single Word file (.doc or .rtf), double-spaced, the pages numbered, containing the text, tables and embedded figures. Figures to embedded in the text file have 72 ppi. Files up to 10 MB are accepted. Upon acceptance, figures must be uploaded as separate TIF files with 300 dpi.

Avoid “tab” marks. Text (titles included) should be aligned on the left without indentation or justification of the right-hand margin.

From volume 44 on, Darwiniana, new series follows:

1) “The Chicago Manual of Style” (2003), 16th edition, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html [accesed: august 15, 2011] for english texts.

2) “Manual de Estilo para la Redacción de Textos Científicos y Profesionales”, Fuentes Arderiu, X.,  Antoja Ribó F.& Castiñeiras Lacambra, M. J., http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/Fuentes&Antoja.pdf [accesed: august 15, 2011], for spanish texts.

3) “Manual de estilo de la lengua española” (2000) by J. Martínez de Souza, Gijón, Ediciones Trea, for spanish texts.

Manuscripts are structured as follows: 1) title and authors; 2) “resumen” and abstract; 3) text; 4) bibliography; 5) tables; 6) legends to figures; 7) figures. The main stylistic norms for each part are briefly described below. For more information, please contact the Editorial Board, or a recent issue of Darwiniana may be used as a model.

Title and authors

The first page of the manuscript contains the following information in separate paragraphs: 1) title; 2) authors; 3) authors’ institutional address (without abbreviations), P.O. Box and e-mail of the author for correspondence; and 4) running title.

Manuscript’s title is written with capitals without a full stop or period (genera, species and infraspecifics names italicized). Generic and specific names of vascular plants go with the corresponding family name (subfamily and tribe names according to each case, from major to minor cathegory) between brackets. Those of nonvascular plants go with the division name between brackets. Avoid the use of authority for scientific names in the title.

Author/s names are written in lowercase (except for the first letter) along the same line in the following order: the first or preferred name complete, the second, only the initial, and both precede the surname. Use “&” to connect the last author with the previous ones (i.e. Juan C. Tagala & M. Estela García).

Indicate: authors’ institutional workplace (without abbreviations), address, zip code and city, department/province, country. Workplace is consigned with reference marks only in the case of two or more authors with different addresses. The e-mail address of the author for correspondence follows the institutional address after a semicolon.

The running title must not be longer than one line including author names.

Abstract and “Resumen”

After the title and authors, the manuscript contains in the following order and in separated paragraphs: 1) Spanish abstract (“resumen”); 2) Spanish keywords (“palabras clave”); 3) English abstract; 4) English keywords. Keywords and “palabras clave” are arranged in alphabetical order, separated by semicolons.

A one-paragraph abstract and "resumen" precede the text. The abstract and "resumen" should be concise and include authors and year (Tagala, J. C. & M. E. García. 2011.), title, brief statement about the paper’s intent, materials and methods, main results and conclusions. Nomenclatural novelties are announced, if appropriate.

No more than 8 keywords are recommended. They usually mark the subject, studied taxa (generic or higher rank), and geographic area. Scientific names of species are not accepted as keywords.

The contents of both abstract and “resumen” must be identical. The same requirement applies to the keywords and “palabras claves”.

General Text

The following chapters are recommended: INTRODUCTION, MATERIALS AND METHODS, RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, BIBLIOGRAPHY. This scheme can be different, for instance, in taxonomic papers.

Up to two levels of subtitles are allowed within every chapter. The subtitle of the first level is aligned on the left, with no full stop, and the paragraph begins in a new line. The subtitle of the second level is aligned on the left, with a stop separating the subtitle from text in the same line.

The chapter “Material and Methods” of non taxonomic papers should have detailed information of the vouchers used as reference material for the studied taxa. (See style in examined material of taxonomic treatments).

Only names of genera, species and infraspecific categories are italicized; latin abbreviations, such as sp. nov., comb. nov., var., sens. lat., non, ex, or names of subgenera and sections are not italicized.

Correct accents, umlauts, and other diacritical marks should be included. Sentences do not begin with abbreviations.

Words or sentences used from their original language, if different from that of the text, are written between quotation marks following their own spelling rules, for example: “Österreich”, “Geokarpie”, “in vitro”. (Geographic names do not need quotation marks).

Arabic numbers are recommended, except those from 1 to 9. Numbers at the beginning of a sentence should be fully spelled.

Units of measure and cardinal points have no full stop (period) except in. (inches), for example: cm, g, ml, µm, or N, S, NE, SW.

There is one space after each punctuation mark and also between numbers and its unit of measure. For instance: A. L. Cabrera but not A.L. Cabrera, 8 mm but not 8mm; BA, LP, SI, and not BA,LP,SI.

The format to describe the length and width of a structure is 8-25 x 0.2-0.3 cm (with the same unit of measure), and not 8-25 cm x 2-3 mm. The abbreviations lat., diam. (diám. In Spanish) are used. To indicate the length of a structure, the word length is not necessary “pedicels of 3 mm” and not “pedicels of 3 mm long”; but the expression “3 cm wide” is correct.

Acronyms should be capitalized with no full stop, for example: FAA (formol, alcohol, acetic acid) and explained the first time they appear in the text.

Text of taxonomic treatments

New taxa must be illustrated, particularly their diagnostic characters. A discussion about their relationships with closest taxa and a key are also required.

Taxon authorities should be abbreviated according to Authors of Plant Names (Brummit & Powell, 1992). They are cited only once, when scientific names appear in the text for the first time or, if it is not that case, in the material listed in Materials and Methods.

It is highly recommended to include citations of bibliography in which the species in the treatment are illustrated (especially if illustrations are not included in the manuscript).

Books should be abbreviated according to Taxonomic Literature, edition 2, with the initial letter capitalized.

Herbaria should be abbreviated according to: Thiers, B. [regularly updated, accesed 2012] Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium, http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih

When relevant, nomina nuda, misapplied names and superfluous names are included in the discussion following the description (under “Observation” subtitle of the corresponding species), but are not part of the formal synonymy.

Genera and plant scientific names are numbered and arranged alphabetically, within every family and genus. Taxa below the species rank are identified with small letters.

Scientific collectors of type material must be designated using the initial letter of the name and the surname, both in italics.

Taxonomic information of scientific names of species is arranged in one paragraph per name, according to the following example and punctuation marks (note the designation of lectotypes):

Paspalum ammodes Trin., Gram. Panic.: 120. 1826. TYPE: Brazil, Minas Gerais, “in arenosis pr. Tejuco”, sine data, G. H. von Langsdorff s.n. (holotype LE-TRIN 0415.01!, photo K!; isotype US). Fig. 3. o Iconography: Morrone (1996: 235, Fig. 2D-F).

Paspalum sordidum Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 51: 197. 1901. TYPE: Brazil, Goiás, Rio Corto, 21-XI-1894, A. F. M. Glaziou 22472 (lectotype W! designated by Zuloaga & Morrone, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46: 514. 2003; duplicates K!, US 555444!).

Paspalum diamantinum Swallen, Phytologia 14(6): 368. 1967, syn. nov. TYPE: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Diamantina, Serra de San Antonio, 1200-1300 m, 30-XII-1929, A. Chase 10401 (lectotype US here designated; duplicate MO!).

After taxon description, the accepted titles are as follows, in a separate paragraph and with full stop, in the following order: References¹, Iconography, Vernacular names (written between quotation marks and separated by commas), Etimology, Chromosome number,  Distribution and habitat, Observations (including morphological data, nomenclatural data, phenology, common uses, conservation status).

¹References include citations of: descriptions, synonims lists, etc. [for example: “References. See Tagala (2004: 23) for a description of the species.”]

After the accepted titles, the examined material is described, with the title (of first order) Examined material.    If many specimens were examined, those cited in the text are limited to one collection per species and administrative division (of second order: department, province, state, according to each country) with the title: Representative material examined. Long lists of specimens examined can be added after Bibliography, arranged alphabetically by collector, including collection number followed by the number assigned to each taxon (between brackets).

Under examined material (or Representative examined material), the list must be alphabetically ordered by country, province, etc., following the specified format: country in capital letters, the first administrative division in bold, the second administrative division with the following abbreviations, according to the country: Prov., Munic., Depto., Distr. Pdo. Éjido and Cantón are not abbreviated. If more than one collection is included within the second administrative division, these are separated by semicolons.

ARGENTINA. Salta. Depto. Chicoana, Quebrada de Escoipe, 1600 m s.m., 14-I-2001, Sulekic & Cano 3114 (Herb. Sulekic, MCNS); Quebrada de Escoipe, Peñas Blancas, 1600 m s.m., 18-II-2001, Sulekic & Cano 3225 (Herb. Sulekic, MCNS). Depto General Güemes, Campo Santo, 23-II-1980, Cano 3214 (SI).

BOLIVIA. Cochabamba. Prov. Campero, Comunidad Thajsama Mayu, 3-II-1950, Caballero Pardo 71(SI).

BRASIL. Rio Grande do Sul. Alegrete, 39 km W ruta BR-290, 19-I-1973 (fl), Krapovickas et al. 22781 (BAA, CTES, SI). Santa Catarina. 17 Km NE of the S. Catarina-RGS border, BR-116, 25-V-89 (fl, fr), Davidse et al. 11145 (MO, SI, SP).

CHILE. Atacama. Prov. Huasco, Vallenar, sine data, Tagala 2652 (SI).

Information on reproductive status (fl or fr) is highly recommended.

According to each case, DUBIOUS NAMES AND EXCLUDED TAXA (before ACKNOWLEDGMENTS) follow taxonomic treatments.

Keys should be dichotomous, left-aligned without indentations. Each dilemma should finish with a full stop. Avoid too extensive dilemmas. Keys should be checked carefully for consistency with species descriptions. The first option of dilemma 2 and following dilemmas include in brackets the previous dilemma [from where it comes from. e.g. 2(1)]. The second option of each dilemma does not include any sign or symbol (3.  and not 3’.). Example:

1. Trilocular ovary.……………………………………………….………... Burmania

1. Unilocular ovary…………………………………………………….……….…… 2

2(1). Upper part of the floral tube deciduous …………………..……….Gymnosiphon

2. Upper part of the floral tube persistent ……………………………….…… Apteria

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements should be written in only one paragraph, which includes people who helped with academic or technical expertise, and also the Institutions involved in the financial support.  People names are written without their academic degree.

Bibliography

In the text, references are written with the following style: Borsini (1994), (Borsini, 1944), (Zuloaga & Morrone, 1999) o (Zuloaga et al., 2008). Two or more papers of the same author(s) should be arranged chronologically (Catania, 2001, 2004, 2005). In the case of authors with more than one reference in the same year, a letter follows the year (Pozner, 2001a, 2001b). When listing a group of references, they are chronologically ordered (and alphabetically ordered within the same year). Example: (Berlese, 1900; Barr, 1985; Bush & Rivera, 1998; Collins, 1998; Anton et al., 2007). The use of opus citatum, or its abbreviation op. cit., is not accepted.

Under the title BIBLIOGRAPHY, references should be arranged alphabetically by the first author(s) and chronologically when listing more than one reference of the same author. References of two or more authors must be alphabetically ordered. Journal names must be written in full. Some basic examples are given below. For further details, click here

Clayton, W. D. 1987. Andropogoneae, en T. R. Soders­trom, K. W. Hilu, C. S. Campbell & M. E. Barkworth (eds.), Grass Systematics and Evolution, pp. 307-309. Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Johri, B. M. 1998. Embryology of Angiosperms, 2ª. edi­ción, 2 vols. Berlin: Springer.

Pozner, R. & A. A. Cocucci. (Sine data). Floral structure, anther development and pollen dispersal of Halophy­tum ameghinoi (Halophytaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences; forthcoming.

Rosengurtt, B.; A. Laguardia & B. R. Arrillaga de Maffei. 1972. El carácter lípido del endosperma central en especies de gramíneas. Boletín de la Facultad de Agro­nomía de la Universidad de Montevideo 124: 1-43.

Rosato, V. G. 2001. Degradación del hormigón por acción liquénica. Actas de la Reunión de la Asociación Argen­tina de Tecnología del Hormigón, 25-26 de octubre de 2001, Olavarría (Argentina), Tomo I: 97-103.

Rúgolo de Agrasar, Z. E. & M. E. De Paula. 1978. Agrostis, en M. N. Correa (ed.), Flora Patagónica. Colección Científica del Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agrope­cuaria 8(3): 369-394.

Schwarz, G. J. 2000. Multiwavelength analyses of classical carbon-oxygen novae. Ph.D. diss., Arizona State Uni­versity.

Zimmerer, K. S. 1995. Global Economic Integration and Rural Environmental Change in the Andean Countries, the Conference on the New World Economic Order and Environments [on line]. Earthworks (Texas, USA): University of Texas. Austin. <http://www.-utexas.edu/depts/grg/eworks.html>. [Accessed March 2004].

The bibliography of taxonomic papers does not contain those bibliographic references accompanying names of genera and species. They are included in the bibliography only when their references appear in the text.

The Bibliography list contains all references cited in the text. All entries in the Bibliography list must be cited in the text.

Tables

Tables can be made with Excel, the table tool of Word 6.0/7.0 for Windows.  Each table starts on a separate sheet and does not show vertical or horizontal lines.

The table caption is a double-spaced paragraph at the top of the table with the following style: “Table 1. Title. Additional explanations to understand the table. Abbreviations: a, ...; b, ...; c ...”

Footnotes for tables are identified with small letters and detailed in a separate paragraph below the table.

Figures

All figures (drawings, diagrams, graphics, maps and photographs) must be included at the end of the manuscript Word document. Upon final proof , 300 dpi TIF files considering box size, will be required.

Figures fit a 15 x 19 cm frame or, if larger, with a proportional ratio of length : width = 1.27. Small illustrations can be adjusted to a column width (7 cm). They may be shorter but keeping the column or page frame width.

All figures are consecutively numbered in the text following the style: (Fig. 3C), (Fig. 2C-E, H), (Figs. 3B y 4C-G).

Drawings and photographs combined in one figure are not accepted.

Each element within a figure is identified by a capital letter (Arial 10 or 12) placed on the lower right of each drawing or photograph. Details of each drawing or photographs are indicated by small letters or abbreviations written with small letters.

Symbols in the legend should be avoided.  It is recommended to include references with symbols within the figure.

Each figure includes a scale bar (µm, mm, cm, m). A uniform orientation of scales within the figure is preferred.

The following style should be used:

Fig. 1. Mulinum spinosum. A, general aspect. B, flower. C, fruit. D, seeds. Abbreviations: c, carpels; s, stamens. A-B and D, from Fernández 2453 (SI); C, from López 357 (LP).

Maps are framed by a fine border. They include at least 2 references of latitude and longitude and a scale bar (km). North is orientated towards the upper margin.

Photographs are crisp black-and-white (grayscale), with good contrast, sharp focus, and with a wide range of grey tones. They are accepted in color only for the online version.

Photomicrographs are preferred with clear back­ground (whitish-greyish), except those taken with dark field and fluorescence techniques. SEM photographs are accepted with dark field, free of charges and from material properly dehydrated. TEM photographs must have good contrast and no scratches.